Creating a Technical Foundation for Earthquake Insurance in China [PDF]

INTRODUCTION

Minister Song Ruixiang
Director-General

China Earthquake

Administration

China is located in an active continental seismic zone with extensive coverage, high magnitude, and severe disasters. The Chinese government, with the guiding principle of “Preparedness first, response and rescue combined,” is working hard to mitigate earthquake disasters. Earthquake insurance is a well-recognized cornerstone of any plan for economic compensation, since it reduces the government’s economic burden, speeds recovery of the disaster area, and stabilizes society. However, lacking strong policy support and other reasons, a 20-year earthquake insurance scheme ceased in China in 1996. Since then, disaster recovery has been supported mainly by government funds and social donations.

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Disaster emergency management in China [PDF]

Disaster Emergency Management in China

Natural disasters occur frequently in China, affecting more than 200 million people every year. In 1998,the direct economic loss exceeded 300 billion RMB. Natural disasters have become an important restricting factor for economic and social development. The Chinese government devotes great attention to disaster reduction and has achieved significant results through efforts over 40 years. In China, the study of disasters has entered a phase of rapid development since the mid to late 1980s and has resulted in some important achievements.

Disaster management is an applied science to improve measures for disaster prevention reduction, preparation, alarm, response and recovery by observation and analysis of disasters (Carter, 1993). In the cycle of disaster management, emergency response is the key phase although its duration is shorter than the others.

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Disaster Management Economic Reconstruction [PDF]

Preamble

During the past few decades a combination of factors including the growth of world population, urbanisation and the expansion of human settlement into more marginal areas, especially coastal lowlands, has increased the vulnerability of communities to natural disasters and the potential scale of those events. At the same time political tensions and the availability of low-cost, hand-held weaponry with devastating firepower has increased the destructive impact of human conflict. Major human catastrophes have become an increasingly frequent part of contemporary history. There is little hope in the foreseeable future that this situation will change.

SMEC is a company well placed to assist with relief and reconstruction efforts in response to disasters anywhere in the world. SMEC has a diverse background in professional service delivery encompassing infrastructure development in a wide range of countries from Africa through the Middle East to Asia and the Pacific. This includes transport, energy, water, environment and urban development. SMEC also has long experience in a variety of aspects of social development such as health care, education, capacity building and development planning.

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Disaster Time Line 1996-2004 [PDF]

Earthquake Disaster Management of Energy Supply System of APEC Member Economies [PDF]

Many APEC member economies are located in a region suffering from frequent earthquakes. In the past decades, several member economies such as China, Japan, Mexico, Chinese Taipei, the Philippines, Indonesia and the USA have experienced a series of severe earthquakes that resulted in serious damage to energy supply infrastructure and economic development, in addition to loss of life and property. In January 1995, a severe earthquake hit Kobe and Osaka, Japan. A large fire that subsequently resulted from leakage of natural gas caused tremendous damage.

In the early morning of September 21, 1999, an earthquake struck the central region of Chinese Taipei and resulted in tremendous destruction. Due to the collapse of transformer substations and several extra-high voltage electricity transmission towers, the electricity supply over half of Chinese Taipei was shut down for over one week. Furthermore, rotation of electricity supply lasted for another two weeks. Many other energy supply systems were seriously damaged, including natural gas pipelines, service stations and oil storage tanks. After this major disaster, Chinese Taipei realized that a crosseconomy cooperative mechanism for energy supply systems would benefit many APEC member economies. Chinese Taipei also hoped to share its valuable experiences with other member economies.

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Education [PDF]

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This product is part of the RAND Corporation occasional paper series. RAND occasional papers may include an informed perspective on a timely policy issue, a discussion of new research methodologies, essays, a paper presented at a conference, a conference summary, or a summary of work in progress. All RAND occasional papers undergo rigorous peer review to ensure that they meet high standards for research quality and objectivity.

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Health [PDF]

This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use.  

This product is part of the RAND Corporation occasional paper series. RAND occasional papers may include an informed perspective on a timely policy issue, a discussion of new research methodologies, essays, a paper presented at a conference, a conference summary, or a summary of work in progress. All RAND occasional papers undergo rigorous peer review to ensure that they meet high standards for research quality and objectivity.

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Kathmandu Valley Nepal Disaster Risk Management Profile [PDF]

Introduction

Demographic, economic, social and cultural characteristics Landlocked between China and India, Nepal is rectangular-shaped with a total area of 147,181 square kilometers. The country is home to eight of world's 10 highest peaks, including Sagarmatha or Mount Everest and a population of 24,797,7059 (Central Beaureau of Statistics-Nepal) with a growth rate of 2.25% (2004 estimate).

Geographically, the country is divided into three regions: Mountain, Hills and Tarai (plains area), and administratively, is divided into five development regions: eastern, central, western, mid-western and far western. The Tarai, known as the "grain basket" of Nepal because nearly 40% of the area is actively farmed, is a low, flat, fertile region stretching east-west along the Indian Border covering 23% of the total area of Nepal. Nearly half of Nepal’s total population -47% - live in this region. The remaining bulk of Nepal’s population - 45% - live in the Hilly region, so named because the area varies between 610 meters to 4,877 meters above the sea level. The Hilly region covers 43% of the country of which only 10% is actively farmed.

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Pediatrics [PDF]

OBJECTIVE. Despite concerted policy efforts, a sizeable percentage of children lack health insurance coverage. This article examines the impact of the health care safety net and health care market structure on the use of health care by uninsured children.

METHODS. We used the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey linked with data from multiple sources to analyze health care utilization among uninsured children. We ran analyses separately for children who lived in rural and urban areas and assessed the effects on utilization of the availability of safety net providers, safety net funding, supply of primary care physicians, health maintenance organization penetration, and the percentage of people who are uninsured, controlling for other factors that influence use.

RESULTS. Fewer than half of uninsured children had office-based visits to health care providers during the year, 8% of rural and 10% of urban children visited the emergency department at least once, and just over half of children had medical expenditures or charges during the year. Among uninsured children in rural areas, living closer to a safety net provider and living in an area with a higher supply of primary care physicians were positively associated with higher use and medical expenditures. In urban areas, the supply of primary care physicians and the level of safety net funding were positively associated with uninsured children’s medical expenditures, whereas the percentage of the population that was uninsured was negatively associated with use of the emergency department.

CONCLUSIONS. Uninsured children had low levels of utilization over a range of different health care provider types and settings. The availability of safety net providers in the local area and the safety net’s capacity to serve the uninsured influence access to care among children. Possible measures for ensuring access to health care among uninsured children include increasing the density of safety net providers in rural areas, enhancing funding for the safety net, and policies to increase primary care physician supply.

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Urban DRM Inst Arrangements [PDF]

Background

Within the governmental structure of a country, there are typically two or three levels (World Bank, 2000, pp. 114-117). These sub-national units are defined here as local governments, or local government units (LGU); they are also referred to as local authorities. The LGU is the closest level of organized government to the people, and therefore it has a key role in broad-spectrum disaster risk management practices and processes. Large cities in particular bring heavy demands on how to deal with disasters because of the very nature of their functions, the significance they have, and the resultant complexity that their socio-economic and settlement characteristics present in combination with the types of risks they are exposed to. To handle problems arising from increasing risks from both natural and technological sources, a government authority needs to ensure it has a coordination framework that ties its own system together and enables it to appropriately link with others. Government has special responsibilities in the realm of risk reduction and disaster preparedness. However, we do not mean that governments have sole responsibility for disaster risk management. In reality, disaster management is a responsibility it shares with every sector of society. Disaster management requires mechanisms, processes and institutions through which stakeholders can contribute and participate as part of good...

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Rethinking Disaster Policy [PDF]

Earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, droughts, and other weather-related events since the late 1980s have led to large government outlays for disaster assistance and higher premiums for disaster insurance. State governments are seeking ways to make private disaster insurance more affordable and available. Congress and several federal agencies are considering reforms to improve federal crop insurance and flood insurance programs. Congress also is weighing a federal reinsurance program for residential property. Government-provided disaster insurance and other interventions in private disaster insurance markets often are justified as necessary to overcome the failure of private markets to offer adequate and affordable disaster insurance. The argument goes that government programs reduce dependence on “free” disaster assistance and promote efficient risk management by property owners and farmers. I explore this conventional view of disaster policy and come to these main conclusions:...

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