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Southeast Asia is a region diverse in area, population, geography, natural resources, cultural legacy, colonial experience, stage of development and system of government. It houses one of the most populous countries in the world, Indonesia, with a population of 217 million, as well as one of the smallest countries on earth, Brunei, with a population of only 354,000 (UN ESCAP 2002). Population growth rate in the region is high at 1.4% compared to 1.2% for the ESCAP region, with Cambodia having the highest growth rate at 2.5% (UN ESCAP 2002). A remarkable increase in population poses threat to an already limited land resource, contributing to hazard vulnerability. Cropped land per capita in the region decreased by 16% in the last decade (ADB 2001) indicating the pressure that increased population had on arable land as well as changes in land use. The urban population of Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand increased from 25.2% in 1980 to 42% in 2000 (ADB 2001). Rapid urbanization puts pressure on urban infrastructure, as the concentration of the poor increase in the cities. Vulnerability to hazards increases as the urban poor settle in fragile environments, and disaster loss levels increase with the growing concentration of people, economic activity and assets, and critical facilities. Economies in the region range from agricultural, as in the case of Cambodia and Lao PDR, to the developed modern economy of Singapore. Though Southeast Asia recorded remarkable and sustained economic growth for most of the last decade, and demonstrated resilience with its fairly rapid recovery from the 1997 crisis, great disparities exist in income levels. Cambodia and Lao PDR have GNP per capita of US$ 260 and US$ 280 respectively; Thailand and Malaysia have US$ 1,960 and US$ 3,400 respectively; while Singapore has US$ 29,610 (UN ESCAP 2002). Disasters most affect countries with weak economic well being, the poor having less capacity to cope with disasters.

Disasters disrupt hundreds of thousands of lives every year. Each disaster has lasting effects people are seriously injured, some are killed, and property damage runs into the billions of dollars. If a disaster occurs in your community, local government and disaster-relief organizations try to help you. But you need to be ready as well. Local responders may not be able to reach you immediately, or they may need to focus their efforts elsewhere. Being prepared and understanding what to do can reduce fear, anxiety and losses that accompany disasters. Communities, families and individuals should know what to do in a fire and where to seek shelter in a tornado. They should be ready to evacuate their homes, take refuge in public shelters and know how to care for their basic medical needs.

The Indonesian Urban Disaster Mitigation Project was launched in March 1997 under the Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program. The objective of the Indonesia national demonstration project is to reduce the vulnerability of the urban population, infrastructure, critical facilities, and shelter in Bandung, West Java to natural disasters, particularly to earthquake hazards. The project, implemented by the Center for Earthquake Engineering Studies (CEES) and Center for Urban and Regional Development Studies (CURDS) within the Institute for Research, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), demonstrated a methodology for seismic risk analysis, mitigation and preparedness. The project assisted municipal officials to develop improved tools and skills in urban planning, improved building regulation, and emergency preparedness. Activities under the demonstration phase of the project included hazard and vulnerability mapping, city spatial plan review, building control monitoring system review, capacity building of local disaster management unit, development of city operational emergency plan, review of the existing national policy on disaster management and mitigation, and networking.

Throughout the history of mankind, floods have brought untold wealth and prosperity to civilizations, and yet at the same time, they have caused tremendous losses and resulted in untold suffering for millions of people. Even today, floods lead all natural disasters in the number of people affected and in resultant economic losses, with these numbers rising at alarming rates. In response to the devastation arising from water-related natural disaster, particularly flooding, a series of three workshops and symposia were held, sponsored by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. One objective of these events was to create comprehensive guidelines that could be used by governments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations and civil society to help avert losses from flooding. The first session was the Flood Forecasting and Disaster Response Workshop. It was held in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, from 6-8 April 1999, following the devastation in the region stemming from Hurricane Mitch. This workshop was followed by an international Symposium on Flood Forecasting for the Americas, held in Brasilia, from 15-19 November 1999, and it was hosted by the National Institute of Meteorology of Brazil. A rough draft of these guidelines was prepared following this meeting. From 27-31 August 2001, an International Symposium on Water-related Disaster Reduction and Response was held in Bangkok, Thailand, wherein the draft guidelines were reviewed and new materials were gathered. Materials and ideas from these three meetings have been incorporated into this publication. It is hoped that these guidelines can be further improved and that additional experiences and concepts can be shared globally in an updated version.

U.S. population that is rapidly becoming more ethnically and culturally diverse. To respond effectively to the mental health needs of all disaster survivors, crisis counseling programs must be sensitive to the unique experiences, beliefs, norms, values, traditions, customs, and language of each individual, regardless of his or her racial, ethnic, or cultural background. Disaster mental health services must be provided in a manner that recognizes, respects, and builds on the strengths and resources of survivors and their communities. The Crisis Counseling Assistance and Training Program (CCP) is one of the Federal Government’s major efforts to provide mental health services to people affected by disasters. Created in 1974, this program is currently administered by the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA), and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The Program provides supplemental funding to States for short-term crisis counseling services to survivors of federally declared disasters. Crisis counseling services provided through the Program include outreach, education, community networking and consultation, public information and referral, and individual and group counseling. The CCP emphasizes specialized interventions and strategies that meet the needs of special populations such as racial and ethnic minority groups. The purpose of this guide is to assist States and communities in planning, designing, and implementing culturally competent disaster mental health services for survivors of natural and human-caused disasters of all scales. It complements information previously published by FEMA and CMHS on disaster mental health response and recovery. FEMA provided the funding for this guide as part of the agencies’ ongoing effort to address the needs of special.

Seeking grants is one method of accessing resources to resolve or address financial problems. Funding resources exist because individuals or organizations have created them (from various motivations and reasons) to address specific needs in your Tribe. Each funding resource has a unique perspective of what it wants for its money. The wants are usually based on the funding resource’s values and how it sees its responsibility to your Tribe. Each funding resource has a need to apply the money entrusted to it in ways that reflect its goals. As a grant seeker, you have a need for financial resources to support projects aimed at addressing certain issues and concerns within your Tribe. The key is to match your particular need for grant money with the need of the funding resource to invest its financial resources and produce the desired results. You should start writing only after you know what the funding resource has that might match your needs. A list of grants and a template for expressing interest to the granting agency are included with this document. The list of grants gives you a place to begin to identify a wide range of financial and/or technical resources you can access to address some of the emergency preparedness needs in your Tribe. This document is a suggested approach to preparing grant applications that can be adapted to fit your needs and the specifics of each situation.

In 1999 the Crisis Counseling Assistance and Training Program marks its twenty-fifth anniversary. Over the years, we have seen an increase in the incidence of floods and tornadoes devastating the heartland of America—the rural community. The goal of this publication is to improve crisis counseling services for rural populations following disaster. Determining the factors that account for the uniqueness of rural populations and communities and how those factors affect the implementation of disaster crisis counseling services are the central issues of this publication. Disaster response has many characteristics that are the same from disaster to disaster regardless of where the disaster occurs. Much of what seems unique and innovative has been more the rule than the exception. Though many elements of disaster response are predictable, each disaster presents a set of challenges and opportunities dictated by the specific area affected. Persons and communities have “personalities” that require adapting the basic tools and structures of disaster response to meet the particular needs of those impacted.

In 2002, my colleagues and I published an empirical review of the disaster literature that presented results for 160 samples that were coded as to sample type, disaster type, disaster location, outcomes observed, and overall severity of impairment. Here, I present an update of this review, now based on 225 samples and 132 events. Outcomes included PTSD, depression, anxiety, nonspecific distress, and health problems. Regression analyses showed that samples were most likely to be affected severely if they were from developing countries or experienced mass violence (e.g., terrorism, shooting sprees). Most samples of rescue and recovery workers showed remarkable resilience. (Review posted to www.redmh.org March 2005.) On average, a disaster occurs somewhere in the world each day. It may be a flood, hurricane, or earthquake, a nuclear, industrial, or transportation accident, a shooting spree or peacetime terrorist attack. What these various events share in commonis their potential to affect many persons simultaneously and to engender an array of stressors, including threat to one’s own life and physical integrity, exposure to the dead and dying, bereavement, profound loss, social and community disruption, and ongoing hardship. As a result of both the high prevalence and high stressfulness of disasters, the question of whether they impact mental health has been of interest for decades, and a substantial literature has developed that identifies these effects.

This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. This product is part of the RAND Corporation documented briefing series. RAND documented briefings are based on research briefed to a client, sponsor, or targeted audience and provide additional information on a specific topic. Although documented briefings have been peer reviewed, they are not expected to be comprehensive and may present preliminary findings.

Law enforcement plays a critical role in responding to, preventing, and deterring terrorist attacks. In 1995, on behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), the RAND Corporation conducted a study to assess how prepared state and local law enforcement agencies were for domestic terrorism. In 2002, RAND conducted a follow-up study to assess state and local law enforcement agencies’ current preparedness for terrorism in general. The survey was undertaken just prior to the formation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Thus, it provides an important benchmark for assessing future investments in preparedness. This report presents the results of the 2002 survey forstate and local law enforcement agencies conducted one year after the 9/11 attacks and just prior to the formation of DHS. This nationwide survey of state and local law enforcement was conducted as part of a subcontract to a larger study undertaken by the University of Alabama at Birmingham (more recently by the University of Arkansas) and by the University of Oklahoma to create a national database of American terrorism.

P R O T E C T I N G
EMERGENCY
RESPONDERS
SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN DISASTER AND TERRORISM RESPONSE

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis andeffective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. Support RAND Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND-Initiated Research View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law s indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.

Research Methods RAND conducted reviews of relevant literature and other documents, including peerreviewed literature, government reports, reports by nongovernmental agencies, and guidance and operational documents at the local, state, and federal levels. Additionally, a complete legal review was conducted to assess the current status of relevant statutory and regulatory authorities and restrictions, and to assess the current status of case law interpretation of those statutes and regulations. xiv Triage for Civil Support: Using Military Medical Assets to Respond to Terrorist Attacks RAND also conducted historical case studies that were focused on instances in which military medical assets were called on to assist civil authorities following natural disasters. Finally, two exercises—one for a smallpox attack in Georgia and one for a “dirty bomb” attack in California—were conducted. These exercises included senior officials from local, state, and federal agencies. Historical Case Studies of Military Medical Support to Civil Authorities In Chapter Five, we examine DoD’s significant historical role in providing civil support, including medical support. We discuss several case studies of relief efforts by the DoD following three major U.S. natural disasters Hurricane Andrew (1992), Hurricane Marilyn (1995), and Tropical Storm Allison (2001). For Hurricane Andrew relief efforts, DoD initially responded by transporting several Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMATs) to provide emergency care to hundreds of patients. That support was expanded to include medical logistical support, specialty support care for animals, pest control, and water sampling. Despite generally positive reviews about the military’s support, there were complaints that the DoD’s reaction was too slow, that a decision to deploy an entire military hospital was ill advised, that the military did not deploy with medications needed by the civilian populace, and that coordination among military assets was less than satisfactory. For Hurricane Marilyn, the military deployed electrical generator support, a field assessment team, and eventually deployed a combat support hospital (CSH). Nevertheless, due to glitches in the request for the CSH, it did not open until 15 days after the hurricane. For that and other reasons, it was closed one day after opening. For Tropical Storm Allison, the military initially provided air transportation to Houston for several DMATs. A request for a 25-bed Air Force Expeditionary Medical Support (EMEDS) unit, initially rejected by the DoD Director of Military Support (allegedly on a technicality), was subsequently approved. The EMEDS unit deployed and became operational on June 14 one week after the storm initially hit—eventually providing care to more than 1,000 patients.

The Army has played a critical role historically in ensuring the nation’s security at home and can expect to be called on in the future to counter terrorist attacks and respond to other types of domestic emergencies. While the nation places primary and immediate responsibility for homeland security (HLS) with civilian organizations and the National Guard working for the state governors, the Army must be prepared to make up for any deficiencies. The Army has taken a number of steps to improve its planning and capabilities for HLS, which is defined in this report to be activities in support of civilian organizations in domestic emergencies, including terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and civil disturbances.1 This report explores whether the Army should do more to hedge against the risks of being inadequately prepared for HLS tasks, given a world where terrorists have demonstrated the willingness and capability to conduct mass-casualty attacks within the United States and where the capabilities of civilian law enforcement agencies and emergency responders are expanding but still untested. To do this, we designed a hybrid approach to dealing with HLS’s uncertainties and the Army’s requirements one that focuses on possibilities against which the Army might wish to hedge. The possibilities were based on different assumptions about the character1 Our definition encompasses what the Department of Defense calls Civil Support missions: Military Assistance to Civil Authorities (MACA), Military Assistance for Civil Disturbances (MACDIS), and Military Support to Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies (MSCLEA). See DoD (2004).

This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.

New forms of governing and managing public schools have proliferated in recent years, spawning the establishment and growth of companies that operate public schools under contract. Among these education management organizations, or EMOs, the largest and most visible is Edison Schools, Inc., with a nationwide network in 2004–2005 of 103 managed schools, including preexisting schools contracted to Edison by districts and charter schools that Edison played a role in starting up. In 2004–2005, Edison served approximately 65,000 students in the schools it managed and tens of thousands of additional students through other initiatives. The entry of EMOs, many of which operate as for-profit companies, into the public education system has generated fierce debate, and Edison has been the focus of much of that debate. To date, however, there has been little empirical evidence regarding EMOs’ effects on schools and students. In 2000, Edison asked the RAND Corporation to conduct a comprehensive analysis of its achievement outcomes and its design implementation. RAND designed an evaluation to address the following research questions: • What are Edison’s strategies for promoting student achievement in the schools it manages? • How are Edison’s strategies implemented in the schools it manages? • How does Edison’s management of schools affect student achievement? xx Operations and Achievement in Edison Schools • What factors explain differences in achievement trends among Edison schools? Data Collection and Research Methods We gathered data from multiple sources to address these research questions. Our examination of Edison’s strategies relies on interviews with Edison staff at all levels of the organization, and on inspection of a variety of documents that Edison has produced over the years. To assess how Edison’s design has been implemented in schools, we visited 23 Edison elementary schools across the United States. We selected schools that provide a range of school contexts and operating characteristics.

This dissertation is submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Policy Analysis at the Pardee RAND Graduate School. The research attempts to improve response to a chemical terrorist incident by following a methodology comprising examination of the risk of chemical terrorism, the capacity and performance required to respond to such an act, cost-effective options to meet performance goals, and budgetary analysis. The findings should be of use to emergency responders and municipal policymakers who must balance their need to be prepared to prevent or to respond to an act of chemical terrorism against all other resource-demanding activities in a metropolitan area. While the dissertation focused on Los Angeles as a case study, the methodology and lessons should be useful to other communities throughout the nation, as well as a framework for making other decisions in an environment of uncertainty.The author acknowledges the support provided by the independent research and development provisions of RAND’s contracts for the operation of its Department of Defense Federally Funded Research and Development Center, the National Defense Research Institute (sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense). The author also acknowledges the generous support of the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT), which provided the author with time to pursue this research. The opinions and conclusions expressed are those of the author and should not be interpreted as representing those of RAND, MIPT or any other agency.

Over the past three years, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has made significant investments in state and local public health in an effort to enhance public health emergency preparedness. The RAND Corporation was contracted to work with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Health Emergency Preparedness (OASPHEP) to develop resources and to prepare analyses to help describe and enhance key aspects of state and local public health emergency preparedness. As part of this contract, RAND was asked to compile a repository of exemplary practices in public health preparedness that could be made available on the DHHS/OASPHEP website. This repository would serve as a resource to state and local public health departments who are working to improve their own preparedness in each of the CDC seven focus areas for public health preparedness. This report provides an overview of the methods and criteria used to select and nominate candidate practices, and provides brief descriptions of the practices that have been selected and approved by the sponsor as exemplary practices. This work was carried out during the period beginning in October 2003 through September.

Report on Participation and Cost-Share Capability of Indian Tribes in Emergency Management Programs [PDF]

The Report on Participation and Cost-Share Capability of Indian Tribes in Emergency Management Programs was required by Congress in Public Law 106-390, and signed into law on October 30, 2000. To collect necessary data, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) developed surveys and mailed them to 579 federally recognized Indian Tribes and emergency management officials in all 50 States. The responses provided in these Tribal and State surveys form the basis of the following report. The study employed two separate survey instruments one for Tribes and one for States designed to examine the participation and cost-share capability of Indian Tribes in emergency management programs and the level of State pre- and post-disaster involvement with the Tribes. The questions directed to Tribal representatives concentrated on the following five specific areas:

• Tribal demographics

• Planning, mitigation, and preparedness

• Experience with disasters and disaster relief assistance

• Capacity to participate in and manage cost-shared programs

• Tribal emergency management program participation and government relationships The questions posed to State representatives covered the following five topic areas:

• General questions about Tribal presence in the State and background information

about State personnel completing the survey

• Planning, mitigation, and preparedness

• Disasters and disaster relief assistance

• Factors influencing Tribal participation in emergency management programs

• State-Tribal relationship

The data collected through the surveys provide insight into the views of Tribal and State officials on these issues. The report’s findings can be categorized generally into the following four areas: views on Tribal participation in emergency management; cost-shared emergency management programs; legal issues; and working relationships between Tribal, Federal, State, and local governments. A brief overview of the report’s findings in each of the above areas follows.

For the past 15 years, the RAND Corporation’s Drug Policy Research Center (DPRC) has been analyzing trends in drug use and consequences in the United States and evaluating policies intendedto respond to drug-related problems. Focus is essential if research is to be successful, so each of our efforts to date has necessarily addressed only aspects, often fairly narrow aspects, of the drug problem and policy spectrum. We thought it might be helpful to policymakers and the general public if we stood back, took a broader view, and attempted to synthesize some of the findings of our own research and that of others. It seemed to us that there might be some interest in a concise, accessible, objective view of where the United States has been, now stands, and is going in its long “war on drugs.” We are not the first to attempt such a synthesis, but other volumes have been lengthy or written to support a certain policy agenda (typically either the prevailing government policy or a dramatically differing alternative). We begin by assessing the success of drug policies to date and then review possible reasons why they have not been more successful. We consider the drug war’s “collateral damage” and attempt to understand why alternative policies have not been tried. Finally, we lay out some possible futures for drug problems and policy in the United States and infer from our review of evidence some broad suggestions for a healthier policy mix and debate. We cannot, of course, be encyclopedic in a small space; various interesting topics and perspectives must be omitted. While we have tried to account for different viewpoints, this review inevitably reflects the particular analytic interests of the DPRC. For those interested in learning more, we append a list of books that go into more detail but that should still be accessible to the educated layperson.